egyptian art Essay - 797 Words

egyptian art The time span of Ancient Egypt Stretches over thousands of years. It lasted many periods and included many dynastys. From the Neolithic Period, ca 5450-3850 B.C. to its downfall at the Roman Period, ca 30 B.C. - A.D. 395. That is a long time. For archeologists to understand every day life of the ancient Egyptians, they must rely on many sources. The some of these valuable things being tomb paintings, relics, and objects that were used in every day life, that had been placed in there tombs. The most important findings however were the hundreds of documents written by the Egyptians. These helped shed much needed light on their lives. Giving valued information on their culture, and the way that they used†¦show more content†¦With hieratic writing the scribe would often leave out several details that made one sign different from another. Several smaller signs, written in one quick flow, would simply get squished together, but somehow is still able to be transcribed into hieroglyphics. Hieratic was mainly used for religious and secular writings on papyrus, or on linen. Occasionally it could be found on a temple wall during the Greek-Roman era. The name hieratic came by way of the Greeks. When they arrived in Egypt, this writing was almost exclusively used by Egyptian priest (Greek hieratikos, Priestly). The last form of writing Demotic started being used during the 25th/26th Dynasty. This form is a further evolution from hieratic. Like hieratic, Demotic was a handwriting, but the strokes wereeven whacker and more illegible. The link between handwriting and hieroglyphic text slowly faded with Demotic. Demotic was used mostly in administrative and private texts, but also in stories and inscriptions. Egyptian art gives an image of them selves and there culture. When talking about Egyptian art we generally refer to paintings and sculptures that were used to decorate tombs. There is a strong belief in the afterlife for Egyptians. This belief was the reason for the embalming of bodies, the statues, carvings, and the paintings. The paintings in these tombs told stories of who and howShow MoreRelatedThe Egyptian Art And The Ancient World1353 Words   |  6 PagesEgyptian art has influenced upcoming art in the ancient world. What really brought influence into ancient art were the statues the Egyptians created. The Egyptians made statues mostly for the pharaoh, but we will also discuss how statues were a huge religious part of mummification. The Egyptians defined statues has living images and were made for the ka—the soul of a person—in order to receive offerings in their tomb. This started an expansion of small statues and had many reliefs created forRead MoreEg yptian Art vs. Sumerian Art Essay1165 Words   |  5 Pagesthousands upon thousands of years old, it certainly does not help the issue. When looking at both Egyptian and Sumerian art, there is certainly a resemblance to some degree. Both are from before our time, and both express the beliefs and culture of their respective lineage. But if you delve deeper, you can certainly start to see a difference. Egyptian art is known widely for its hieroglyphics, while Sumerian art may be seen as focusing more on the naturalistic views on the human form. Both these culturesRead MoreEgyptian Art and Religious Influences1461 Words   |  6 PagesEgyptian Art and Religious Influences Samantha L. Burgos Edison College Abstract Religious beliefs were a fundamental basis in Ancient Egyptian culture. This thesis reviews the Egyptian polytheistic way of religion and its famous aspect of afterlife. Two art forms are included to demonstrate that religion influenced Egyptian art. The two art forms that will be analyzed in this excerpt are The Tomb of Seti I, and pyramid texts such as The Cannibal Hymn. Egyptian Art and Religious InfluencesRead MoreArt Analysis : Egyptian Art917 Words   |  4 PagesAnna Lam Professor Hayburn Western Civ. Art Analysis 2 March 2016 Art Analysis Paper Egyptian art has always been extremely interesting and Egyptian art has influenced a lot of other societies in the past. They have created the three pyramids, the sphinx, Pharaoh sculptures, and so much more. The one piece that is very intriguing was the Akhenaten, Nefertiti, and Daughters stone. Akhenaten changes the states religion to Aten which is the Sun God, he even changed his name to Akhenaten which meansRead MoreEssay Tha Influence of Egyptian Art on Modern World1164 Words   |  5 PagesTha Influence of Egyptian Art on Modern World Egyptian art has journeyed through the centuries as one of the most influential phenomenons in human civilization. From the Greeks to the Romans to the people of today, Egyptians and their beautiful representations in art and architecture have proven a legacy in the creations of certain landmarks, statues, and even advertisements. The Greeks derived many of their statues from Egyptian sculptures, such as the Kouros 600 B.C. The Roman emperor AugustusRead MoreAncient Egyptian Art And Sculpture1259 Words   |  6 PagesThere are many different art styles around the world that developed in various ways. Ancient Egyptian art is around 5 thousand years old, and it is a major contributor to late Mesolithic Art. It arose and took place in the Nile Valley. Ancient Egyptian art attained a high level in sculpture and painting, and was extremely stylized and symbolic. Most of the Egyptian sculptures that have been well-preserved were initially made for temples and/or tombs. All Egyptian art an d sculpture was based on theRead More Animal Influences in Paleolithic, Egyptian and Greek Art Essay1428 Words   |  6 Pagesin Paleolithic, Egyptian and Greek Art There are numerous ways in which animals have resonated within the human mind. Throughout history there have been representations ranging from the realistic, to myths, legends, symbols, and even horrific murderous beasts; at the same time providing fascinating perspectives of our own humanity. Various forms of art have conveyed ideas and concepts of animal’s intelligence, as well as behavior, from generation to generation. Animal art is used as a toolRead MoreThe Importance of Animals and Symbolism in Ancient Egyptian Art1611 Words   |  7 PagesAncient Egyptians are known for many of the incredible aspects of their culture and everything they have made. Some of the well known ancient Egyptian relics are the ones like the ancient pyramids, the Great Sphinx of Giza, mummies, and their many forms of art. Ancient Egyptian art, most commonly the paintings, are one of the most recognized styles of art. Not only is Egyptian art beautiful, but it carries a huge deal of value and significance with it. A great portion of the time, the art has someRead MoreAncient Egyptian Art And Art907 Words   |  4 PagesAncient Egyptian art is painting, sculpture, architecture and other arts constructed by the civilization of ancient Egypt in the lower Nile River from 3000 BC. Ancient Egyptian artist tried to idealize the universe, not as it actually existed, but more enduring and lasting symbols. They tended to portray life and people as they wished them to be and not how they actually are. The artist followed certain rules or styles that made it unique and unmistakable. Most of the art was influenced by religionRead MoreAncient Egyptian Art And Art Essay1655 Words   |  7 PagesAncient Egyptian sculpture was influential for the time and as well as today through many methods including various sculpture and pottery ranging from colossal obelisks to tiny pieces of pottery. Egyptian developments in sculpture and pottery show aspects of religion, the spreading of their culture, and advanced design. Egyptian sculptures was influenced by their religion through many methods. One of these methods were the obelisks, there happened to be specific rules for them as they were after

Corporate Sponsored Education The Limits Of Social...

Corporate Sponsored Education: The Limits Of Social Responsibility ABSTRACT: The business sector increasingly subsidizes financially challenged institutions. Representative examples would include health care, major sports arenas, and penal facilities. Among the recent beneficiaries of corporate largesse are schools. Such assistance blurs social roles and raises serious moral concerns, especially those of moral agency. Education, more so than other social institutions, determines the kind of citizen and moral character a person can become. Put differently, education operates on virtue development that may override the fiscal logic of profit-maximization practiced by corporations. In this paper I argue that whatever benefit received by†¦show more content†¦In many locations, there is an added incentive of tax relief for a business to remain in a community. Events over the past several years prompt revisiting social responsibility of corporations such as the thousands of unemployed as a result of downsizing; maladjusted auto air bags injuring and killing infant passengers; tobacco industrys covering up addictive chemicals used in the production of cigarettes; Prudential Securities inflating the cost of stock for personal profits; and discriminatory hiring and promotions at Texaco Oil. Although these are reasons for recasting the terms of the contract to prohibit business activities that are unambiguously injurious, there may also be good reasons for restricting positive duties of corporations in society that are ambiguously beneficient. For while some corporations have breached the contract, others have embarked on projects that manifest a concern about the cultural and educational endeavors of institutions. It is not unusual to hear of corporate sponsorship of musical events, theatrical performances, scholarships, research grants, and the latest trend, providing sufficient subsidy that earns companies the right to have their name on sports arenas and stadiums (Bostons Fleet Center, Buffalos Marine Midland Center, and Mo ntreals Molson Center). This gesture of civic good will has intensified as it extends to an institution upon which the influence may not be soShow MoreRelatedToyota Social Performance1731 Words   |  7 Pagesdedicated to be a company with great social responsibilities, adhering to the direction of safety, environmental protection and education to make contribution to the society. It enhance enterprise values with love and dedication, and furthermore, the concept has been rooted into the marketing system, promoting the three-step strategy of first manufacturers, distributors following up, and customer participating for community projects of Toyota. In terms of education, Toyota sets up a lot of librariesRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility Introduction The sole purpose of the enterprises is not only to2000 Words   |  8 PagesCorporate Social Responsibility Introduction The sole purpose of the enterprises is not only to earn profit but they are also responsible for the development of the people and society. If the corporations continue to neglect their responsibility in the social sector then it will also eventually affect their business. Today, customers are more aware and they usually analyse a business based on their participation in the social sector. The concept of the corporate social responsibility is not veryRead MoreEntrepreneurship Education Of Chemical Engineering1591 Words   |  7 PagesEntrepreneurship Education in Chemical Engineering Economic trends and rapidly changing hiring conventions are fueling a rapid expansion in value awareness of entrepreneurship education to engineering students. Each year, a growing proportion of the two hundred thousand engineering graduates find work in small businesses or start-up ventures, eliciting a new type of engineer, an entrepreneurial engineer, who needs a broad range of skills and knowledge above and beyond a strong science and engineeringRead MoreThe Budget Making Of The Cbo1450 Words   |  6 Pagesnumbers are credible, that is because a culture has developed where honesty is valued and where it does actually make a difference. The CBO was created out of controversy between the executive and legislative branches. There was a lack of fiscal responsibility on the side of congress. Budget making by a committee was then a way to confront resource scarcity face on. This was a way for the congress to also check the executive branch in the budget making process. On February 25, 1975, Alice Rivlin wasRead MoreMarketing Communications Ford3565 Words   |  15 Pagesimportance of Marketing Communications; the role of Marketing Communications, analysis of the Automobile Industry and the analysis and practical application of Marketing Communication strategies by Ford Motor Co. the report also shows Ford’s Corporate Social Responsibility and the practice of Ethical Marketing. The targeting, segmentation and positioning by Ford are also analyzed. Finally the report provides recommendations on how to improve the marketing communications and suggest strategies that the companyRead MoreCoca Coors Corporate Social Responsibility3380 Words   |  14 PagesFurtherance of Miller Coors Corporate Social Responsibility Phil Koerber Dr. Branson OL-690 Executive Summary As the new Global Responsibility Director for Molson Coors, my objective is uncomplicated—to build upon what founder John Molson believed. Molson believed that everyone is a members of a larger community dependent on the idea where everyone played a part (Molson Coors, n.d.). This sentiment speaks directly toward corporate social responsibility (CSR). Defining CSR is a hardRead MoreThe Responsibility Of Advocate For Social Workers And Counselors Essay2016 Words   |  9 PagesThe Responsibility to Advocate for Social Workers and Counselors An advocate strives to merit individuals of the utmost vulnerable kind with the power of speech and expression, on matters that hold delicate significance to the client. Activism for the susceptible comprises of the fortification and conservancy of their human rights. Social workers and counselors play a vital role in advocacy in the local, state and federal government and should deed as a voice not solely for their patrons but forRead More Private School Vouchers Essay2547 Words   |  11 Pagesmechanism by which to improve the general quality of public education have produced a lively debate. Frequently, that debate has degenerated into a disagreement about whether public schools are as good as private schools or whether a given private school is better than a certain neighborhood public school. Other issues raised in these discussions include the appropriate use of public funds, the role of competition in improving public education, and the right of parents to choose a school for their childrenRead MoreHistory Of Income Taxes During 19th Century2293 Words   |  10 PagesBlough, predicted that the task of crafting a postwar tax program would be the most difficult tax problem in American history. (Blank, 2010). Post war recovery, seemed to be slowed down by high corporate tax hikes that were in place to finance the war. The excess profits tax and the wartime hikes in corporate income tax rates were considered serious threats to the economy s postwar recovery. Not much changed over the next 40 years until in 1981, when congress enacted the largest tax cut in U.S. historyRead MoreSustainable Development in the Hotel Industry by Cornell University9354 Words   |  38 PagesInternational, Inc. Kurt Ekert, Chief Operating Officer, GTA by Travelport Kevin Fitzpatrick, President, AIG Global Real Estate Investment Corp. Gregg Gilman, Partner, Co-Chair, Employment Practices, Davis Gilbert LLP Jeffrey A. Horwitz, Partner, Corporate Department, Co-Head, Lodgiing and Gaming, Proskauer Rose LLP Kenneth Kahn, President/Owner, LRP Publications Kirk Kinsell, President of Europe, Middle East, and Africa, InterContinental Hotels Group Nancy Knipp, President and Managing Director, American

World History Review the Evolution Free Essays

AP World History Unit 1 Review Chapter 1 Evolution- The process by which different kinds of living organisms are thought to have developed and diversified from earlier forms during the history of the earth. Paleolithic Age- Second part of the Stone Age distinguished by the first usage of stone tools introduced by hominids such as Homo habilis. Neolithic Age- Latest part of the Stone Age beginning about 10,000 BC in the Middle East in which sedentary agriculture and domestication of plants and animals and permanent settlements were accomplished. We will write a custom essay sample on World History Review: the Evolution or any similar topic only for you Order Now Agricultural Revolution (Transition) – Turning point for the Neolithic Revolution. 0,000-8,000 BC. Slash Burn- Technique in agriculture where forests are roughly cut down and burned over to prepare fields for the next crop. Australopithecus- Fossil bipedal primate with both apelike and human characteristics found in Africa. Homo Sapiens Sapiens- Modern humans. Neanderthal- Extinct species of human that lived in ice-age Europe 120,000-35,000 years ago. Jericho- Village in Palestine near the north end of the Dead Sea. The Leakey’s- Family of paleontologists whose account of fossil discoveries in Tanzania changed theories of human evolution (1903-1972). Catal Huyuk- Large Neolithic settlement in southern Anatolia. 500-5700 BC Diamond- Precious stone consisting of a clear and typically colorless crystalline form of pure carbon. Venus Figurines- Prehistoric statuettes of women portrayed with similar physical attributes from Europe characterized by enhanced feminine feature s. Homo Erectus- Extinct species of primitive hominid with upright stature but small brain that originated in Africa. Homo Sapiens- Bipedal primate having language and ability to make and use complex tools. Volume of brain at least 1400 cubic centimeters. Lucy- Partial female skeleton of a fossil hominid found in Ethiopia in 1974, and is about 3. million years old and 4 feet. Cro-Magnon- Early form of modern humans. European Early Modern Humans (EEMH). Southwest Asia- Area in which as early as 3000 BC had contained a variety of cultures. Also known as Mesopotamia, it was located in an area called the Fertile Crescent in present-day Iraq. It had large city-states in an area known as Sumer; Birthplace of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. The Sumerians- Developed the 12-month calendar and cuneiform writing. Lascaux- Site of a cave in the Dordogne, France, containing elaborate Paleolithic wall paintings. Fertile Crescent- Crescent shaped area of fertile land in the Middle East that extends from the eastern Mediterranean coast through the valley of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers to the Persian Gulf. Chapter 2 Mummification- Embalmment and drying a dead body and wrapping to preserve the body. Ziggurats- Rectangular stepped tower found in ancient Mesopotamia surmounted by a temple. Hieroglyphics- Ancient form of pictographic writing used by the Egyptians. Old Kingdom- Period in the 3rd millennium BC when Egypt attained its first peak of civilization in complexity and achievement. Middle Kingdom- Period of ancient Egyptian history. New Kingdom- Period in ancient Egyptian history between 1550-1075 BC. Epic of Gilgamesh- Earliest known form of literature. Pyramid of Khufu- AKA Pyramid of Giza Menes- Egyptian pharaoh; reigned 3100 BC. Founded first dynasty that ruled Egypt. Hammurabi (Laws)- Sixth king of the Bbylonian Empire. Known for his set of laws, which were one of the first recorded codes of law in history. Deals with matters of contract, and trade. Akhenaten- Ancient Egyptian pharaoh who reigned about 3,500 years ago. Made major changes including his religious revolution and art style. 8th Dynasty. Ethical Monotheism- There is one God from whom emanates one morality for all humanity. Kush- Kingdom that reached its peak between 1700 and 1500 BC. Allied with Hyksos and conquered Egypt beginning the 2nd Intermediate Period. Mesopotamia- 3500 BC. Known as the land between two rivers, Rains were seasonal in this area, which meant that the land flooded in the w inter and spring and water was scarce at other times. Farming in the region depended on irrigation from the two Rivers. Phoenicia- 3000 BC. Group of individuals migrated from the Arabian Peninsula into the land of Canaan located between Egypt and Syria. By 1200 BC, the Phoenicians controlled a narrow strip of land that bordered along the Mediterranean Sea in the northern Canaan where they built a number of cities and villages. Uruk- An ancient city of Sumer and later Bbylonia, situated east of the present bed of the Euphrates river, on the ancient dry former channel of the river. Nile- Unifying force in Egyptian history. Used to transport wealth and to shi stone blocks used to build the Pyramids. Euphrates- Provided water that supported the development of ancient Mesopotamian culture. Birthplace of the ancient civilizations of Assyria, Bbylonia, and Sumer; Al Jazirah. Jerusalem- Religious center sacred to all three monotheistic religions. Israel was divided after Solomon’s death. Kingdom of Israel was in the north, while Judah was in the south. Pyramids- Used as massive tombs to enclose pharaohs or wealthy Egyptians. Cuneiform- Earliest writing systems evolved independently and at roughly the same time in Egypt and Mesopotamia. That writing system invented by the Sumerians emerged in Mesopotamia around 3500 BC. Archaic Period- Name given to generalized hunter-gatherer societies by in the American continents from approximately 8000-2000 BC. Amon-Re- King of the Gods, Egyptian King; Thebes; Hermopolis; Sun God Osiris- Egyptian god of the underworld and vegetation. Hyksos- Asiatic people who took over the eastern Nile Delta, ending the thirteenth dynasty, and initiating the Second Intermediate Period of ancient Egypt. Sargon of Akkad- Reigned Mesopotamia from 2334 to 2279 BC. Baby in a basket where he was picked up along the Euphrates River where he was found by a man named Akki. Was considered the greatest man who ever lived. Celebrated in glorious tales down through the Persian Empire. Hatshepsut- Fifth pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty of Ancient Egypt. First great women in recorded history. Forerunner Moses- That guy. Abraham- Assyria- Egypt- Ur- Bbylong- Tigris- Anatolia- Chapter 3 Samsara- Karma- Sati- Caste- Lawbook of Manu- Indo-European- Upanishads- Kshatriyas- Shudras- Jati- Moksha- Varna- Dravidian- Rig Veda- Brahmins- Vaishyas- Indra- Aryan’s war god and military god. Varuna Mohenjo-Daro- Indus River- Punjab- Black Sea- Brahman- Harappa- Ganges River- Himalayas- Caspian Sea- Chapter 4 Mandate of Heaven- Book of Songs- Book of History- Book of Changes- Book of Rites- Tian- Yangshao- Xia Dynasty- Shang Dynasty- Zhou Dynasty- Qin Dynasty- Oracle Bones- King Yu- King Fuzi- King Yao- King Shun- Fu Hao- Yangzi River- Steppes- Yin- Huang He River- Central Asia- Central Southeast Asia- Ao- Luoyang- Chapter 5 Olmec Calendar- Vigesimal- Chavin Cult- Pyramid of the Sun- Temple of the Giant Jaguar- Olmecs- Austronesian- San Lorenzo- Tikal- Teotihucan- Australia- Oceania- New Zealand- Maya- Mochika- La Venta- Chichen Itza- Mesoamerica- Bering Strait- New Guinea- Indonesia- Crucial Facts: * First Pharaoh of Egypt- King Menses The Fighter * Mesopotamians used Cuneiform * Societies that used Pictographic forms of scripture- Egypt (Hieroglyphics), Mayans, And Chinese. We know of the Aryans by the Vedas; Upanishads; Hindu Book * Paleolithic- Hunter Gatherers; No Sheep * Neolithic- Introduction of agriculture (Agricultural Revolution/Transition) * Archeologist- Studies ancient remains; Make approximations * Goddesses of Fertility- Venus Figurines; European * Most religions in Mesoamerica- Polytheistic * Harappans- Not much is known about them. Hin du. * Xia/Shang/Zhou/Qin Dynasties in Order * Copper was the 1st metal; Easy to find/mold. * Farming- Food surplus, possible for cities to exist, and sexual intercourse. How to cite World History Review: the Evolution, Essay examples

Remuneration Committee Effectiveness and Narrative †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Remuneration Committee Effectiveness and Narrative. Answer: Introduction This report will state the remuneration paid to the executives of Primary Health Care Limited and the measures used for payment if remuneration. Further, the report will focus on the use of LTIs and STIs in the remuneration structure. Moreover, based on the findings from the remuneration structure, some recommendations will be provided to improve the payment structure and finally the conclusion will be provided. A fair and reasonable system for compensation for the employees and executives are crucial for the generation of long-term value for the business. However, during the past years, it has been identified that the growth in the top executives remuneration is significant and that leads to widening the gap between the compensation of employees and the executives. However, the compensation committee feels tremendous pressures from shareholders, government regulation and talents of the executives as compared to other organizations, while structuring the remuneration for the executives. It has been identified from the remuneration report of Primary Health Care Limited that the base packages are associated with the performance of the company that has a specific benchmark that takes into account the market capitalisation. The company also use the at risk remuneration to evaluate the employees with regard to those areas and the behaviours that will lead the company to perform better or outstandingly (Kanapathippillai, Johl and Wines, 2016). The revised policies for the remuneration also states that the incentives are also linked with the performance of the company. Further, an appropriate mix for long-term incentives (LTI) and short-term incentives (STI) are offered to the executives as are linked to their short-term and long-term performance that may have an impact on the performance of the company as a whole (Ferrarini and Ungureanu, 2014). The focus of the STIs is based on the indicators of the internal performance of the company that are associated with the achievement of business milestones, revenue results, growth and profit. On the contrary, the LTIs are associated with the performance of external perspective that are focussed on the return on the capital investment, return to the shareholders, share price and the market value (Primaryhealthcare.com.au, 2017). At-risk remuneration - 25% of STI is paid based on the performance rights, 50% is paid after 12 months and 50% after 24 months. 100% of LTI is awarded in performance rights and will be paid after three years. STI a substantial part (50% to 80% base on the role of executives) is based on the performance of group finance and 20% to 50% based on the efficiency of individual performance (Salvioni and Bosetti, 2015). LTI - 100% of LTI is paid based on the performance rights and are paid after three years and are subject to the testing at the end of those 3 years. Base package fixed annual compensation that includes the base salaries and are suitable benchmarked by the external independent consultant to create a balance between at-risk and fixed remuneration (Stathopoulos and Voulgaris, 2015). Recommendation It has been found the remuneration structure for the executives of Primary Health Care Limited are in order. However, they may include the incentive payment that will be based on the time taken for the given task. For instance, if an executive is given 5 days to complete a task and he completes it within 3 days then he must be provided with some incentives. Conclusion It is concluded from the above report that the payment structure of remuneration for Primary Health Care Limited is based on the company performance as well as the individual performance. Their remuneration structure involves payment for at-risk remuneration, STIs, LTIs and base package. Therefore, all the remuneration and incentives are taken into consideration and are seemed to be in order. Reference Ferrarini, G. and Ungureanu, M.C., 2014. Executive Remuneration. A Comparative Overview. Kanapathippillai, S., Johl, S.K. and Wines, G., 2016. Remuneration committee effectiveness and narrative remuneration disclosure.Pacific-Basin finance journal,40, pp.384-402. Primaryhealthcare.com.au. (2017). Cite a Website - Cite This For Me. [online] Available at: https://www.primaryhealthcare.com.au/irm/company/showpage.aspx/PDFs/2673-74202027/AnnualReport2016 [Accessed 7 May 2017]. Salvioni, D.M. and Bosetti, L., 2015. Corporate governance report and stakeholder view. Stathopoulos, K. and Voulgaris, G., 2015. The Importance of Shareholder Activism: The Case of Say?on?Pay.Corporate Governance: An International Review.

When are electoral boycotts successful in inducing regime change

Introduction Conventionally, election is an official process where residents from a given area, country, or region decide on an individual to represent them or hold a public office.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on When are electoral boycotts successful in inducing regime change? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Precisely, to elect means ‘to choose or make a decision’. It is the standard mechanism through which contemporary democracy has been exercised since 17th century. This paper discerns situations where electoral boycotts can successfully induce regime change. It focuses on specific time period (1990-2002) with particular countries serving as critical examples. Usually, elections have been used to choose representatives in the legislative assembly, executive committee, judiciary, and the local government. Elections are perceived as democratic way of selecting preferred leaders. Evidently , leaders and electoral systems have undergone various reforms to improve fairness. However, elections in various countries and democracies have experienced difficulties. Interference in the electoral process by the incumbent governments has been a major reason for elections not meeting the international standards fostering free and fair elections (Lindberg 77). Dictatorial leaders have the tendency of engaging state machinery such as the police and judiciary to retain power when their terms are supposed to end.Advertising Looking for research paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The majority rule has been used frequently to prevent shift in the poise of power from one group to another in the legislative assembly. Additionally, non-governmental groups like human right groups possess a considerable influence in elections. This occurs either through violence, intimidations, or corruption. These actions can easily result in inappropriate casting or counting of votes. Concurrently, difficulties in the election process can stem from the electorate being poorly informed about the candidates or about issues that affect them. This is likely to occur where there is inadequate press freedom due to tight state control. The rules can also at times be unfair to opposition candidates as they may be excluded from eligibility for an office. These conditions have promoted the mentioned electoral boycotts by the opposition groups. The individuals in power may also interfere in the election process by assassinating opposition candidates, making campaigns illegal. They can also intimidate the electorate with violence. Precisely, these difficulties, together with political, social, legislative, and economic factors have (in many cases) led to election boycotts. Electoral Boycotts An election boycott occurs when a section of the voters refuse to vote during an electoral process. Electoral boycott is normally u sed as a way to show disapproval where the electorate feels that the system is biased or there is no legitimacy in the election process (Huntington 53). Political parties and individuals are more likely to boycott elections so as to protest government’s electoral policies hoping that the elections will be declared illegitimate when the voters do not participate in voting. However, this method of electoral protest can be unsuccessful.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on When are electoral boycotts successful in inducing regime change? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper seeks to understand the cases when electoral boycotts are successful in inducing regime change. As indicated earlier, it mainly focuses on the role that opposition parties play in elections in a country under authoritarian rule. It also looks into the possibilities of legitimization and institutionalization of democratic electi ons. Additionally, it looks into the factors that enable some boycotts to succeed while others fail in attaining their desired objectives thus fail to induce regime change. While providing examples of countries, it further includes the types of boycotts and the consequences of boycotting elections. The use of violence during a major electoral boycott is one of the ways through which regime change can be successfully induced. This is usually done in cases where the opposition has the resources to stage rebellion against the incumbent and wish to make it impossible for the incumbent to continue staying in power. For example, this type of boycott took place in Ivory Coast in 1995 and in Indonesia in 1997 general elections. Background Information Generally, electoral boycotts have been seen and experienced in both democratic and non-democratic countries. However, historical evidence shows that electoral boycotts are more prevalent in authoritarian regimes mainly because of the intrinsic proposition of the voter or political party dissatisfaction with the electoral process.Advertising Looking for research paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The protest through boycotts can take the form of individual voters protesting or political parties or party coalition protesting with the aim of influencing some regime change (Levitsky Way 138). Electoral boycotting is more often than not a response to a broad belief that some kind of illegitimate or deceitful action might happen or will happen during the electoral process. This might follow perceptions of irregularity within the political or public system. The irregularity may be ethnic, social, economic, or even religious biasness against some contenders for a political post or parties or due to a belief that the electoral body lacks legitimacy. Electoral boycotting is usually considered to be undemocratic as it involves bypass of a democratic process. However, it is usually acceptable in situations where the election is not expected to be fair. The fact that electoral boycotting is justified in certain situation does not mean that they usually succeed to achieve their goals. T he strategies used to boycott elections have at times proved to be disastrous to the individuals who or parties that boycott the elections and more often than not leads to further movement away from democracy. The strategies used by parties to boycott elections are important in determining their possibility of succeeding in transformation of the current electoral process that is unfair or biased so that it becomes more competitive (Schedler 193). The results of electoral boycotts are also influenced by the intentions of the opposition parties, their boycott strategies, and the existing political and electoral structures. The feeling of the opposition group that they lack the ability to attain their desired political goal through legitimate means may push them to boycott the election. There is also the possibility that the opposition candidates may not want to bring a political change that is democratic but actually they may boycott so as to change the electoral rules to enable them make good upcoming opportunities for themselves. Therefore, the possibilities and results of electoral boycotts depends highly on the intentions that the opposition parties, the strategies adopted to boycott and the already existing political and electoral structures within the electoral autocracy that sections of the public must defeat so as to induce regime change. Common Causes of Electoral Boycotts Generally, electoral boycotts usually occur due to the opposition’s dissatisfaction with the ruling regime, dissatisfaction with the electoral system, and (to some extent) opposition’s intention to discredit the legitimacy of the current regime. Boycotting elections might thus induce changes in the regime by unbalancing the electoral system. Elections usually enforce democracy by giving the citizens opportunity choose their leaders. Thus, it gives the citizens an opportunity to rebel if the leader fails to rule appropriately and looses the trust that had been placed upon him or her. The idea of coordination of election also provides a framework to understand why the opposition may undertake electoral boycott. The information that the public normally receive about the performance of individual in power might be limited. Normally, this leads to the problem of enforcing accountability of the ruler. This usually leads to weak threats of rebellion and thus reduces the possibility of the leader acting in the interest of the public. Elections, however, solves this problem by bringing ways through which the public can change the ruler. The first method is when the ruler calls for an election. The votes that the ruler receives show his or her performance. The other way is to overthrow the ruler if he or she fails to call for an election and be replaced by another person. On the other hand, the people may decide to accept that there will not be an election and accept to be under a dictator. If the ruler calls for an election and fails to win, he or she is ex pected to hand over power. However, if the ruler fails to win and refuses to hand over, the people have an opportunity to forcefully remove the leader (Ellis, Stephen Kessel 98). The ruler can commit electoral fraud and go undetected and this distorts the results. If this goes undetected and the ruler is declared the winner, then it will be difficult to remove him or her from power except through boycott. The electorate usually benefit whenever the elections are not biased and are free. If the elections are biased, the voters can benefit if the opposition decide to rebel and seek restoration of accountability. The need of the opposition to restore accountability in the political and electoral system may take the form of boycotts. Boycotts are also due to elevated levels of unfairness in the electoral process. An example is in Azerbaijan in the 1998 and 2000 elections where legislations that ensured the incumbent being advantaged during the electoral process were made. The governmen t in Azerbaijan tried to get control of the body that managed the electoral process. Strategies Used By Authoritarian Regimes to Maintain Power Authoritarian regimes at times depend on the electoral structures to survive and continue their rule. This usually depends on the social, political, economic, and ethnic factors of the country. These features of a country create a variety of opportunities for subversion rules that ensures democracy. Institutional arrangements are usually used to get support from the economic elites in efforts to persuade the masses to participate and give support to the authoritarian regime (Bunce Sharon 137). A single party system where there are many candidates who compete for an office is usually effective in achieving this objective. It usually pleases the masses by creation of a pretense of democracy through the offer of possibility of regime change through elections. The ruling elite often offer concessions to the business people or the economic elite s so that they participate in the political platform created by the authoritarian regime. Such concessions entice cooperation of the economic elites and allow flexibility in the political and electoral structure. The authoritarian regimes usually have to put certain checks so as to maintain power for example making defection from the party a criminal offense and punishable through restraints by the constitution (Ezrow Frantz 174). This shows that the authoritarian regimes are also usually involved in the manipulation of the constitution to suit their desired goals. The other strategy that an authoritarian regime can put in place to ensure survival is putting in place mechanisms that ensure that the economic elites do not acquire too much wealth. These methods enable the creation of a consolidated and strong regime with a weak and easily manipulated opposition, a good public support, and participation by the masses in the electoral process. This can help the authoritarian regime sur vive. The leaders in an authoritarian regime also use the electoral process to solve problems that allow them stay in power. Electoral boycotts and processes allow opposition parties usually to defeat a repressive regime through noble and peaceful means. Election functions as good way through which an authoritarian regime can exercise its power and avoid political and administrative competition. It provides a reason to align the elites with the regime and provides an opportunity to allow candidates run for elective posts as they are provided with winning opportunities (Ezrow Frantz 174). The regime organizes the electoral designs in ways that enables them achieve their desired goals, the main one being survival of the regime. A good example of how a regime ensured survival through the electoral process is in China. The Chinese government used a decentralization technique in order to stimulate economic growth. This technique began by separating the local and national election. Corru ption was monitored and the participation of the youth was stimulated by delegation of power to the local officials. However, the people at village level could not elect national leaders. This was because the regime feared that elections in the large cities could not be easily monitored and controlled as it wished. The elections were therefore a way for the government to enact its policies and also survive. The election enabled the government to monitor corruption, ensure youth participation and also maintain much control and authority (Lucas 56). The election at village level was organized in a way that competition was possible, involvement was also possible, and regime ideology was promoted. Anybody could vote or vie for a position and the candidates could be of other parties other than the Communist Party. This electoral structure allowed for independent candidates to vie and the villagers had a feeling that they had more choice. However, once the independent candidates reached h igher positions, they were recruited to the Communist Party so as to consolidate ideologies. In the end, election was merely a faà §ade of democracy, appealing the masses and politicians. Some people boycotted the elections due to varying reasons. Similarly, it enabled the regime to maintain power. This indicates how electoral boycott can actually induce regime change. This Chinese method can be contrasted with the nationalist systems of elections in which elites invest in the regime to ensure its survival. This method usually gives election winners a sense of accomplishment. Candidates usually invest in the regime by using their own resources to achieve popularity. This benefits the regime as it does not use its resources to back candidates. The candidates on the other hand can use and benefit from the states machinery and the legislative seat they win benefits them later. The high costs used in the campaigns are outweighed by the gains of being in the legislative assembly. This m ethod also ensures authoritarian regimes survival by provision of incentives for the economic elite. Another method that authoritarian regimes ensure survival is through repression. Opposition parties at times form coalitions so as to defeat the incumbent regime. Concurrently, they can organize to boycott elections in order to attain some regime change if the incumbent government cannot handover power despite losing elections. The opposition parties, however, usually experience difficulties in their quest to form coalitions due to ideology. However, at times it is the ruling party that makes it difficult for the opposition to form coalition. The electoral system under a repressive regime can restrict opposition’s ability to form coalition through institutions (Bunce Sharon 137). This technique is effective in enabling regime survival through repression and electoral fraud but it is likely to lead to regime’s resentment and may lead to protests and revolutions. Finally , the use of international monitors as overseers of elections is another strategy used to ensure survival of authoritarian regime. Conversely, it can enhance electoral boycott in case it realizes some mischief in the election processes assumed in the concerned country. International monitoring of the election can legitimize an authoritarian regime even though it serves as a way of promoting democracy. Presence of international monitors is seen as increased confidence in the processes of election and reduction in electoral fraud. This assists the repressive regime receive endorsement domestically and internationally. This ensures the continuity in the authoritarian rule and also support. However, such strategies usually lead to boycotts at times and the boycotters can be either individuals or political parties not participating in the election process. Election Boycotts and Opposition’s Participation in Election There are instances when the opposition parties decide to partici pate in the electoral processes even when the chances of the election being free and fair are to the very minimum. Boycotts too may take place even when the election is relatively fair with the purpose of discrediting the ruling regime if the opposition feels it is likely to lose the race (Sharp 93). The opposition’s participation in an election is calculated or checked through either total boycotts, partial boycotts and all contest. Total boycotts is when one of the actual opposing parties participate in the elections while partial boycotts refer to when some of the opposition parties, but not all, participate in the elections. The term all contest is used when all the political parties participate in the elections. Boycotts in various countries have also suggested that opposition parties are likely to unite in a boycott than to unite and face the incumbent in an election. However, the opposition parties usually have disunity even when they decide to boycott and that is why partial boycotts are more prevalent than total boycotts. In most cases, some of the opposition parties unite in boycott, but not all of them. The behavior of the opposition parties during the elections brings about the issue of the significance of their participation in an election. The participation of opposition parties in an election is a matter that should be studied so as to know the benefits and to understand the underlying factors that may force boycotts. There are two interrelated reasons why the study of the importance of the opposition’s participation is important. The first reason concerns the importance of participation from democracy’s point of view while the second deals with the opposition party’s behavior under authoritarian electoral system and the role they play in directing such regimes in the direction of democracy (Sharp 47). Autonomy is democracy’s real value and thus the independence of a people to rule the country. There must be so me form of governance for any form of political grouping to make inclusive decisions for the members. In a democratic system, that simply means people’s representation to the legislative, executive and local government. Participation in elections and competitive nature of elections are organized ways to enable the existence of democracy in the most contemporary form. Therefore, the primary importance of self-government relates directly to the idea of equal opportunity of participating in politics and elections and also to the idea that political competition is a way of promoting democracy. For the people of a particular nation to participate in an election that ensures that they exercise their sovereignty there has to be a choice. Political opposition provides that choice that ensures that the people exercise their right to rule indirectly via representation. Consequently, the participation of opposition parties in electoral process is a requirement for political competition which is vital to the attainment of self-governance and democracy. The Major Types of Election Boycotts Election boycotts can be conceptualized in two ways. The difference between the major and minor elections boycotts relates to the magnitude and actions of the boycotting political groups. The second difference in boycotts involves the ways in which the boycotters aim at attaining their desired goals. The first method of differentiating major and minor elections boycotts is all about numbers. If an election boycott involves all the major or majority of the opposition parties then it is considered to be a major election boycott (Lindberg 235). However, it is possible for one main political party to boycott an election and in effect constitute a major political boycott. There are cases in which a political group may team up with minor parties and boycott together. The major electoral boycotts that are successful are those in which the opposition political parties join forces and beco me a single unified group (Lewis 146). However, these are usually rare since most opposition parties find it difficult to come together to form a unified front due to various factors such as ideological differences. In some cases, even when the main opposition party boycotts the election, smaller parties are likely to participate in the election and in most cases, they support the incumbent regime. Additionally, opposition parties that boycott elections usually tend to be heterogeneous and are always ready to accommodate other parties. Minor electoral boycotts on the other hand are usually pushed by the smaller political parties which in most cases do not represent majority of the opposition. The political parties in minor boycotts are usually homogenous and do have strong ties to some form of orientation and share common ideologies. Additionally, in most cases they represent the minority in the country. Therefore, major electoral boycotts are mainly initiated by large opposition po litical parties while the minor boycotts are launched by smaller opposition parties. Major election boycotters can pursue objectives that are for the general public since they are large. Their sizes enable them to rationalize the benefit. This is in contrast to the minor political boycotts which in most cases go after more specific and private goals due to their small sizes and their homogenous composition (Lindberg 235). The other way in which election boycotts vary has to do with the intention of the boycotters attempts to delegitimize the regime that is currently in power often hoping that if the incumbent losses legitimacy, then they will get more support for their cause. This type of boycott is usually non-violent in nature since the boycotting group usually attempt to appeal to the sympathy of the masses and the international community. The Consequences of Boycotts The differences between the major and minor political and electoral boycotts took in to consideration the magnitu de of the boycott and the capacity of the boycotting group to engage in violence. It is therefore important to know the short-term and long-term consequences of such boycotts. The major boycotts are usually protests against the regime’s electoral fraudulent activities and biasness in elections. These issues also affect the entities that promote democracy in the third world countries and emphasize the electoral process as a vital activity in the process of building democracy. These, therefore, show coincidence in the interests of the two groups. However, there is the question of how boycotts fit in the process of democratization. In the short term, major boycotts do not show any positive results for democracy. Actually, they challenge democracy as there is no opposition to the ruler. Additionally, major boycotts usually lead to fewer voters casting the ballot meaning that democracy is not attained. The major boycotts also increase the possibility of some kind of violence that is related to the election. Election boycott to some extent is usually used as an indicator that the election has actually failed. Some of the effects of boycotts are violence and rebellions, loss of confidence in the political structures and pressures from the international community. Boycotts can also lead to changes in the regimes and rise to democracy. Situations in Which Electoral Boycott Are Successful In Inducing Regime Change As discussed earlier, boycotts (in most cases) occur when opposition parties and masses are dissatisfied with the electoral system that a regime has put in place. Concurrently, they can disagree with the policies established and embraced by the regime. The regimes also have mechanisms that ensure their stay in power is enabled. They have the states resources to for survival. Therefore, there are certain conditions that must exist to ensure successful electoral boycotts by the opposition parties. One of the factors that can enable the success of an elect ion boycott is the magnitude or size of the boycotting group. A large opposition is able to initiate a major boycott and this can help the opposition to achieve its goals. For example, in Bangladesh, the two major parties involved in political competition presently were established as opposition parties and participated in the general election. The Awami League was established when Bangladesh was a section of the Pakistan. One of the major reasons for the formation of The Awami League was to oppose Pakistani rule of Bangladesh. The Awami League boycotted the Bangladesh general elections in the year 1996 as an opposition group. The Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP), which was in power in 1996 had participated in a 1988 election boycott (Taylor 188). The BNP was formed in the 1970s to oppose a previous Awami League regime that had become repressive and authoritarian in nature. The successes that these two parties had had in inducing regime change through electoral boycotts stem from the fact that the boycotts were major and involved a large number of people. The other way through which electoral boycotts can induce regime change is by the boycotters appealing to the masses and trying to appear sympathetic to the masses and the international community. This method is usually used when the boycotters aim at delegitimizing the regime in power. The opposition using this strategy usually hopes that the regime in power will lose legitimacy and will attract people to support their goals. This type of boycott is usually non-violent as it is supposed to be one that makes the boycotters appear sympathetic. In India, Gandhi used this boycott method to oppose the British colonial rule and succeeded (Taylor 112). The implementers of this boycott method usually do not want to use violence or do not have the capacity to employ violence in their actions. The other way through which electoral boycotts can lead to regime change successfully is through the accompaniment of a majo r boycott with violence to the extent that the incumbent regime finds it impossible to continue staying in power. Combination of major boycott with violence usually aims at threatening the ruling party with the possibility of rebellions in the future. Boycotts launched by various paramilitary groupings usually take this form and have often led to fall of many regimes (Sawer 11). The electoral boycotts that take this form are usually viewed to be launched by groups that have resources and in most cases are able to fight with the regime’s military and the police. A major political boycott took place in Cote d’ Ivory in 1995 and it was accompanied with lots of violence. During the boycotts, clashes took place between the supporters of the opposition leader and government forces. Another example where a major election boycott is accompanied with violence to induce regime change is in the Indonesian election of 1997. The supporters of the opposition rioted and stormed vario us offices and houses of the economic elites and were also involved in murder, looting and arson. Boycotts can be absolute or partial depending on the situation. Concurrently, elections can also be major or minor depending on their magnitude. Participation in elections is important as it is a way of promoting democracy. Participation is also important even in an authoritative regime as it directs such a regime towards democracy. The magnitude or the size of an electoral boycott is one of the factors that enable successful inducement of regime change through the concerned boycott. Such trends can be achieved if the electoral boycott is major. Usually, it is important to agree that major political parties opposing incumbent regimes can easily induce electoral boycott. This is what happened in Bangladesh where the present leading political parties began as opposition parties and were able to change regimes through boycotts. Conclusion A boycott occurs when voters refuse to vote in an e lection. They are normally used to show dissatisfaction in the current regime. The opposition political parties and individuals are likely to boycott elections as a way of protesting the ruling regime’s policies with the hope that the elections will be declared illegitimate and a regime change might be induced. Evidently, this has occurred in numerous countries with an ultimate change in regimes. At times, electoral boycotts can be successful in enforcing regime change and there are conditions that must be in place to enable this take place. This considers the tactics that authoritarian regimes use to retain power. There are different causes of electoral boycotts and the importance of the opposition’s participation in the electoral process. Additionally, this paper discerned the consequences of electoral boycotts and more importantly, circumstances under which electoral boycotts can lead to successful inducement of regime changes. The methods that authoritarian regimes use to ensure their continued stay in power include the manipulation of the electoral process, provision of incentives to the economic elites, and repression of the opposition parties. Additionally, they can create a faà §ade of democracy to please the masses and make opposition and defection illegal. These might cause electoral boycotts with an ultimate change in regime as evident in numerous countries mentioned earlier. Political parties that oppose the ruling party can also try and appeal to the masses so as to appear sympathetic and gain support domestically and internationally. Usually, this is done so that in case they succeed; they can get more political support from the domestic and international audiences who are likely to put pressure on the incumbent party. In this way, the party can get a platform to the leadership position of the country. This is the method that Gandhi of India used to oppose the British rule during the colonial period even though it is not common. Th is method is usually non-violent. Usually, it targets the audience. The use of violence during a major electoral boycott is another way through which regime change can be successfully induced. As indicated earlier, this situation is exemplified by Ivory Coast and Indonesia in 1995 and 1997 respectively. Works Cited Bunce, Valerie and Sharon Wolchik. Defeating Authoritarian Leaders in Postcommunist Countries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011. Print. Ellis, Stephen and Ineke Kessel. Movers and Shakers: Social Movements in Africa. Leiden: Brill, 2009. Print. Ezrow, Natasha, and Erica Frantz. Dictators and Dictatorships: Understanding Authoritarian Regimes and Their Leaders. New York, NY: Continuum, 2011. Print. Huntington, Samuel. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. Norman, OK: Univ. of Oklahoma Press, 1993. Print. Levitsky, Steven, and Lucan Way. Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes After the Cold War. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010. Print. Lewis, Paul. Authoritarian Regimes in Latin America: Dictators, Despots, and Tyrants. Lanham, MD: Rowman Littlefield, 2006. Print. Lindberg, Staffan. Democracy and Elections in Africa. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006. Print. Lucas, Russell. Institutions and the Politics of Survival in Jordan: Domestic Responses to External Challenges, 1988-2001. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 2005. Print. Sawer, Marian. Elections: Full, Free Fair. Annandale: Federation Press, 2001. Print. Schedler, Andreas. Electoral Authoritarianism: The Dynamics of Unfree Competition. Boulder: Rienner, 2006. Print. Sharp, Gene. The Politics of Nonviolent Action. Boston, MA: Sargent Publisher, 1973. Print. Taylor, Robert. The Politics of Elections in Southeast Asia. Cambridge: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1996. Print. This research paper on When are electoral boycotts successful in inducing regime change? was written and submitted by user Finley Norton to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Annual Halloween Window Painting Contest †Philosophy Essay

Annual Halloween Window Painting Contest – Philosophy Essay Free Online Research Papers Annual Halloween Window Painting Contest Philosophy Essay Last year I volunteered my time to organize the annual Halloween Window Painting Contest in my town. The participants ranged in age from eight to eleven years old. My leadership included the solicitation of local vendors, the registration and supervision of the participants and the organization of the awards ceremony. Historically, the event had been run by the Jane Doe, but due to waning membership in recent years, they were not planning to continue the tradition last year. My sister and her friends, third graders last year, were especially disappointed with this prospect. For several weeks prior, they had been talking about what they were planning to paint for the upcoming contest. Seeing their disappointment, I took the initiative to contact a member of the Jane Doe to implore the continuation of the contest. When he said that none of the members were able to undertake the organization of the event, I asked if I could manage the project on their behalf. Given their lack of resources, he welcomed my offer and my enthusiasm. For several weeks prior to the contest, I devoted most of my free time to the project. And I’m happy to say that, despite my other commitments to school and extracurricular activities, the event was extraordinarily successful. Over seventy-five vendors and more than one hundred children participated in the event. The greatest reward for me was in seeing the delight on the children’s faces both during and after the painting. Even the town took on a more festive look throughout the Halloween season. From this experience, I have learned that nearly anything can be accomplished when you set your heart and mind to it. Many would simply have accepted the departure from a long-time town tradition. I’ve also learned that even the largest of projects is nothing more than a series of small and manageable tasks. The road to success is in learning to approach them one step at a time. In retrospect, I might have managed the project a little differently in light of conflicting obligations at that time. If I had it to do over, I am confident that I could have solicited assistance from friends and neighbors to manage some of the smaller tasks. In conclusion this experience has shown me how to think about and accomplish other objectives in life. Nothing in life is unattainable if you set your mind to it and commit yourself. Research Papers on Annual Halloween Window Painting Contest - Philosophy EssayThe Project Managment Office SystemMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseThe Spring and AutumnResearch Process Part OneIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesLifes What Ifs19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided Era

Marketing Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Marketing Management - Essay Example Therefore, more and more companies today resort to differentiated marketing through highly focused segmentation and targeting strategies. Product categories ranging from Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG’s) to Luxury vehicles or Holiday packages to Hospital services are all using differentiation tactics to market their products and services to the desired market segments. Various levels of market segmentation can be observed from Mass marketing to Segment marketing, Niche marketing and Micro marketing. Mass marketing represents no segmentation in one end of the spectrum while micro marketing involves complete segmentation. For segmentation to be effective, the market segments should be Measurable, Accessible, Substantial, Differentiable and Actionable (Armstrong & Kotler 2000). Segmenting can be done on the basis of geographic, demographic, psychographic or behavioral factors. The effectiveness of the product’s marketing mix depends upon whether it conveys the desired message to the consumer and whether it finally prompts the potential consumer to become a customer. When the marketing mix is combined in a such as way to project the correct image in the mind of the consumer and offer a right price as well as be accessible to customer depending upon his lifestyle, the effectiveness will increase. For example, being a collage student, the income levels are low and thus price factor should be average.